Epidemiology and semeiotics of endocrine diseases
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Epidemiology and semeiotics of endocrine diseases
The Burden of Hormonal Disorders: A Worldwide Overview With a Particular Look in Italy (adapted from Front Endocrinol 2021)
Andrea Crafa, Aldo E. Calogero1, Rossella Cannarella, Laura M. Mongioì, Rosita A. Condorelli, Emanuela A. Greco, Antonio Aversa and Sandro La Vignera
Endocrine diseases have a considerable impact on public health from an epidemiological point of view and because they may cause long-term disability, alteration of the quality-of-life of the affected patients, and are the fifth leading cause of death. In this extensive review of the literature, we have evaluated the prevalence of the different disorders of endocrine interest in the world and Italy, highlighting their epidemiological, clinical, and economic impact.
Physical examination for endocrinological diseases: does it still play a role? (adapted from J Clin Med 2022)
Andrea Crafa, Rosita A. Condorelli, Rossella Cannarella, Antonio Aversa, Aldo E. Calogero and Sandro La Vignera
A physical examination represents a fundamental step in diagnosing diseases. Due to the role that hormones play in the regulation of numerous biological processes in various organs and systems, endocrine diseases cause a variety of clinical manifestations that can be easily identified with a careful physical examination and can guide the clinician to specific diagnoses. Furthermore, the presence of specific clinical signs in various endocrine‐metabolic diseases can predict the risk of developing comorbidities and serious adverse events. In this article, we present some of the main clinical signs of endocrine‐metabolic diseases and the risk of comorbidities, summarizing the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to their formation. The aim is to highlight how the identification of these specific signs can reduce the number of dynamic tests and the costs necessary to reach the diagnosis and allow the early identification of any complications associated with these diseases, improving the clinical management of affected patients.
Authors:
Sandro La Vignera, Professor of Endocrinology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Antonio Aversa, Professor of Endocrinology, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
Aldo E. Calogero, Professor of Endocrinology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Collaborators (alphabetical order):
Rossella Cannarella, Endocrinologist, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Rosita A. Condorelli, Professor of Endocrinology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Andrea Crafa, Graduate School of Endocrinology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Emanuela A. Greco, Professor of Endocrinogy, University UNICUSANO, Rome, Italy
Laura M. Mongioì, Endocrinologist, University of Catania, Catania, Italy